2000-2014年宁夏草地蒸散时空特征及演变规律

蒸散是水文-生态过程耦合的纽带,对草地生态系统的稳定性十分重要,研究生态环境脆弱地区草地生态系统蒸散变化特征对于区域农牧业发展、生态恢复与重建和构建生态屏障意义明显。基于2000-2014年MOD16地表蒸散数据,利用回归分析、相关分析和重新标度极差分析等方法,研究了宁夏草地近15年的蒸散时空分布格局与演变规律,并讨论了可能影响因素。结果表明,2000-2014年,宁夏草地蒸散量介于177.51~274.43 mm,平均值为228.03 mm;受降水的年际波动影响,全区草地蒸散量在近15年呈不显著的上升趋势(P>0.05),不同类型草地的年蒸散量和月蒸散变化动态差异明显;从空间上来看,宁夏草地的多年平均蒸散量存在较强的空间异质性,呈现南高北低的分布格局,北部最低为135.84 mm,南部最高可达732.12 mm,但波动性不强;近15年,宁夏北部草地的蒸散以下降为主,降幅自北向南递减,中部和南部以上升为主,增幅自北向南递增,但大部分区域的蒸散变化幅度较小,总体变化不显著;未来,全区草地蒸散的正向特征显著,趋势发生反转的草地比例较小;降水量是决定全区草地蒸散空间分布格局和年际波动的主要因素,人类生产活动主导的土地利用类型变化对局部蒸散的影响不容忽视。     

7份红豆草对低温的生理响应及抗寒性评价

为了解不同红豆草材料在越冬期根系对低温胁迫的响应特征及其抗寒性强弱,以7份红豆草(5份来自俄罗斯、2份来自国内)为供试材料,对红豆草根系可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性等6项生理指标的动态变化进行了监测。结果表明,供试红豆草材料根系可溶性糖含量(WWS)、可溶性蛋白质含量(SP)和脯氨酸含量及CAT活性和POD活性均随着气温下降而增加,随气温升高而减少,MDA含量呈下降趋势。经抗寒隶属度分析,得出其抗寒性由大到小的顺序为ZXY2003p-132、ZXY2010p-7369、蒙农红豆草、甘肃红豆草、ZXY2003p-147、ZXY2005p-623、ZXY2007p-3423。从俄罗斯引进的红豆草材料ZXY2003p-132和ZXY2010p-7369比国内红豆草品种蒙农红豆草、甘肃红豆草抗寒性强。     

27-Hydroxycholesterol modulates lung cancer cell proliferation by activation of LXR signaling pathway

AIM:To investigate the effect of cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) on the proliferation of lung cancer cells. METHODS:Human lung cancer A549 cells were treated with 27-OHC at different concentrations (0, 0.3125, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 μmol/L) for 24~48 h. The cell viability, cell cycle, cell prolife-ration, the intracellular cholesterol levels and cholesterol metabolism-related molecule expression were subsequently assessed by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, EdU staining, tissue total cholesterol detection kit, real-time PCR and Western blot. RESULTS:27-OHC decreased the viability of the A549 cells in a dose-and time-dependent manner (P<0.01) and inhibited the cell proliferation (P<0.05). The expression of typical liver X receptor (LXR) downstream target proteins including ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CR) were modulated, which promoted the efflux of intracellular cholesterol, and reduced cholesterol influx and de novo synthesis, resulting in decreased intracellular cholesterol levels and cell viability. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of 27-OHC on A549 cell viability was significantly attenuated after the LXR pathway was partially blocked by 5 μmol/L GSK2033 treatment (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:27-OHC inhibits A549 cell prolife-ration via activation of LXR signaling pathway.     

深松对春玉米根系分布及氮素积累与利用的影响

2015—2016年以先玉335和郑单958为试验材料，设置深松+旋耕（S+R）和旋耕（R）2个处理，研究了深松对春玉米根系分布及氮素积累与利用的影响。结果表明：深松疏松了土壤，有利于根系的生长，促进根系下扎，深松措施下先玉335和郑单958完熟期总根干重较旋耕处理分别提高了7.35%和9.25%，其中20~40 cm土层分别提高了15.52%和24.07%，30 cm以下土层根条数和根幅明显增加。深松改善根系形态特征，增加了根系与氮素的接触机会，促进了春玉米对氮素的吸收和累积，使单位重量根系氮素吸收量明显提高，吐丝前S+R处理的先玉335和郑单958单位重量根系氮素吸收量较R处理分别提高了11.22%和12.03%，处理间差异达到了显著水平。S+R处理的氮素吸收效率先玉335和郑单958较R处理分别提高6.11~6.40 kg·kg^-1和7.17~7.51 kg·kg^-1，氮肥偏生产力分别提高了3.86~8.00 kg·kg^-1和5.40~9.86 kg·kg^-1，氮素积累量分别提高了33.73~35.66 kg·hm^-1和27.85~36.61 kg·hm^-1。与先玉335相比，郑单958对深松更为敏感。     

Ridge-furrow plastic mulching with a suitable planting density enhances rainwater productivity,grain yield and economic benefit of rainfed maize

Soil surface mulching and planting density regulation are widely used for effective utilization of limited rainwater resources and improvement of crop productivity in dryland farming.However,the combined effects of mulching type and planting density on maize growth and yield have been seldom studied,especially in different hydrological years.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of mulching type and planting density on the soil temperature,growth,grain yield(GY),water use efficiency(WUE)and economic benefit of rainfed maize in the drylands of northern China during 2015-2017.Precipitation fluctuated over the three years.There were four mulching types(NM,flat cultivation with non-mulching;SM,flat cultivation with straw mulching;RP,plastic-mulched ridge plus bare furrow;RPFS,plastic-mulched ridge plus straw-mulched furrow)and three planting densities(LD,low planting density,45.0×10^3 plants/hm^2;MD,medium planting density,67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2;HD,high planting density,90.0×10^3 plants/hm^2).Results showed that soil temperature was higher with RP and lower with SM compared with NM,but no significant difference was found between RPFS and NM.More soil water was retained by soil mulching at the early growth stage,but it significantly varied at the middle and late growth stages.Maize growth was significantly improved by soil mulching.With increasing planting density,stem diameter,net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content tended to decline,whereas a single-peak trend in biomass yield was observed.Mulching type and planting density did not have significant effect on evapotranspiration(ET),but GY and WUE were significantly affected.There were significant interacting effects of mulching type and planting density on biomass yield,GY,ET and WUE.Compared with NM,RPFS,RP and SM increased GY by 57.5%,50.8%and 18.9%,and increased WUE by 66.6%,54.3%and 18.1%,respectively.At MD,GY increased by 41.4%and 25.2%,and WUE increased by 38.6%and 22.4%compared with those of at LD and HD.The highest maize GY(7023.2 kg/hm^2)was observed under MD+RPFS,but the value(6699.1 kg/hm^2)was insignificant under MD+RP.Similar trends were observed for WUE under MD+RP and MD+RPFS,but no significant difference was observed between these two combinations.In terms of economic benefit,net income under MD+RP was the highest with a 9.8%increase compared with that of under MD+RPFS.Therefore,we concluded that RP cultivation pattern with a suitable planting density(67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2)is promising for rainwater resources utilization and maize production in the drylands of northern China.     

亚洲玉米螟幼虫膜结合海藻糖酶基因RNAi效应

海藻糖是昆虫的血糖，为昆虫提供能量；海藻糖酶催化海藻糖分解为葡萄糖，是几丁质生物合成的原料。围食膜（peritrophic membranes，PMs）是昆虫消化道特有结构，对昆虫消化食物、保护肠道表皮细胞具有重要作用；几丁质是PMs的重要组分。海藻糖酶（trehalase，Tre）和几丁质合成酶（chitin synthase，CHS）是几丁质合成途径的第1个和最后1个酶。本研究通过饲喂亚洲玉米螟（Orstrinia furnacalis，Asian corn borer，ACB）膜结合海藻糖酶（OfMT）基因特异的干扰dsRNA，研究RNAi对ACB幼虫中肠CHSB（OfCHSB）基因表达及幼虫发育的影响。发现处理48 h后，OfMT基因和OfCHSB基因表达量分别下降了52%和53%，幼虫发育迟缓。通过对处理及对照ACB幼虫中肠石蜡切片进行苏木精-伊红染色（hematoxylin-ethanol，HE染色）和几丁质标记，发现血腔内脂肪体组织减小、中肠围食膜组织中几丁质含量减少。推测OfMT基因有可能成为ACB的生物防治的靶标基因。     

菌株Trametes hirsuta zlh237发酵液对污染土壤中多环芳烃的降解及群落结构分析

[目的]利用中国科学院微生物研究所真菌学国家重点实验室分离获得的菌株Trametes hirsuta zlh237,研究生物强化(接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液)对污染土壤中3种多环芳烃(PAHs)[Phenanthrene、Pyrene和Benzo[a]pyrene(BaP)]的降解效果,为该菌株在PAHs污染土壤中的应用提供科学依据.[方法]采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测7个处理土壤(接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液的Phenanthrene、Pyrene和BaP污染土壤分别标记为PheBA、PyrBA和BaPBA,接种灭菌发酵液的污染土壤分别标记为Phe、Pyr和BaP,原始土壤标记为CK)中3种PAHs含量,利用ABTS法检测土壤中漆酶活性,并运用高通量测序技术分析修复后土壤中细菌群落结构的变化.[结果]菌株T.hirsuta zlh237在3种PAHs污染土壤中均能生长,接种菌株发酵液15 d后,3种PAHs均有一定降解,其中BaP降解效果最佳,降解率达33.99%;且菌株T.hirsuta zlh237在3种污染土壤中均能分泌漆酶.高通量测序Alpha多样性指数分析结果表明,污染土壤接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液后,Chao1指数和Shannon指数显著增加(P<0.05),不同处理土壤样品的Chao1指数和Shannon指数排序均为:PheBA>PyrBA>BaPBA>CK>Phe>Pyr>BaP.Beta多样性的主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液能改变污染土壤细菌群落结构组成;在门分类水平上,污染土壤样品中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势门;在属分类水平上,接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液的污染土壤样品中鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)为优势菌属,接种灭菌发酵液的污染土壤Phe和Pyr样品中苯基杆菌属(Phenylobacterium)为优势菌属,而BaP样品中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)为优势菌属.[结论]菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液在PAHs污染土壤中能分泌漆酶,对3种PAHs均有一定的降解效果,且能改变污染土壤细菌群落结构组成,在一定程度上对PAHs污染土壤有较好的修复效果.     

企鹅珍珠贝F3选育系的珍珠层颜色及生长性状的比较分析

[目的]评价企鹅珍珠贝金唇选育系和白唇选育系的育种性能,为企鹅珍珠贝良种选育及优质珍珠培育提供参考依据.[方法]以海南(H)和广西(G)群体的金唇(J)、白唇(B)选育群体F2为亲本,构建4个自繁选育系(J-HH、J-GG、B-HH和B-GG)和2个杂交选育系(B-HG和J-GH),观察并统计6个F3选育系的珍珠层边缘颜色变异情况,综合比较6个F3选育系的生长性能及珍珠层颜色差异,并比较金唇选育系和白唇选育系左右壳及不同测量位点颜色的差异.[结果]3个金唇选育系群体的贝壳珍珠层颜色变异率为0,3个白唇选育系群体的贝壳珍珠层颜色变异率为2.0%~5.5%,表明白唇表型相对于金唇表型为显性.金唇选育系左壳较右壳颜色更亮、偏黄红、鲜艳,其色差为2.77;白唇选育系右壳较左壳颜色暗、偏蓝绿,其色差为6.01.不论是金唇选育系还是白唇选育系,都是下测量位点比上测量位点颜色更暗、偏蓝绿,但同壳两测量位点的颜色差异较小.3个金唇选育系群体的体质量均显著大于3个白唇选育系群体(P<0.05,下同),金唇选育系与白唇选育系的贝壳珍珠层边缘颜色参数(L*、a*、b*、C*和ho)均存在显著差异.在金唇选育系中,J-HH选育系生长性状及贝壳珍珠层颜色的综合评价值(Pi)均最高,分别为0.390和0.415;在白唇选育系中,B-HH选育系生长性状及贝壳珍珠层颜色的综合评价值(Pi)均最高,分别为0.108和0.722.[结论]6个企鹅珍珠贝F3选育系的生长性能和珍珠层颜色均存在显著差异,其中,J-HH选育系可作为生长和金唇协同选育的最佳选育系,B-HH选育系可作为生长和白唇协同选育的最佳选育系.     

Predicting the potential geographic distribution of Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis(Diptera: Tephritidae) in China using MaxEnt ecological niche modeling

Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis are highly destructive and major biosecurity/quarantine pests of fruit and vegetable in the tropical and subtropical regions in the South Pacific and Australia. Although these pests have not established in China, precautions must be taken due to their highly destructive nature. Thus, we predicted the potential geographic distribution of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis across the world and in particular China by ecological niche modeling of the Maximum Entropy(Max Ent) model with the occurrence records of these two species. Bactrocera bryoniae and B. neohumeralis exhibit similar potential geographic distribution ranges across the world and in China, and each species was predicted to be able to distribute to over 20% of the globe. Globally, the potential geographic distribution ranges for these two fruit fly species included southern Asia, the central and the southeast coast of Africa, southern North America, northern and central South America, and Australia. While within China, most of the southern Yangtze River area was found suitable for these species. Notably, southern China was considered to have the highest risk of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis invasions. Our study identifies the regions at high risk for potential establishment of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis in the world and in particular China, and informs the development of inspection and biosecurity/quarantine measures to prevent and control their invasions.